Semantic primitives and the
semantic-syntax mapping
Prof. Paul Hirschbühler
Winter 2000, Thursday 13.00-15.00, Room 420
The number and specific realization of verbal arguments is to a large extend a function of the semantics of verbs, but other factors are at play. In this course we discuss a number of proposal regarding the semantics of verbs and argument realization. Beyond general issues, the course will pay particular attention to the some typical alternations (the causative/inchoative, the locative, and the resultative constructions).
Requirements:
1. A paper on a topic dealing with verb semantics, e.g. a detailed semantic analysis of a verb, a verb class, a specific verbal construction, an alternation, or dealing with theoretical issues in lexical semantics.
2. Presentation: a short presentation of the main points of articles assigned for discussion.
3. Active participation: really read the articles, prepare questions so as to be able to participate productively in discussions.
There are too many exciting papers
on any topic to do a thorough examination of many of them. We will focus
on two issues of verb plasticity: the locative alternation and resultatives.
One important issue is that of the separation between what is really semantically
encoded in language and what is derived by inferences on the basis of the
interaction between semantics and world knowledge (and issue that is the
focus of much work by Denis Bouchard). We will pay special attention to
the (joint and individual) work of Beth Levin and Malka Rappaport Hovav.
Their work contains a wealth of information and very influential, especially
regarding unergativity and unaccusativity, the causative-inchoative alternation,
resultatives, the locative alternation. Other important authors that we
will consider include Baker, Hale & Keyser, Kiparsky, Pustejovsky,
Ritter & Rosen, Tenny. They lead you in different directions. Baker
is extremely influential for the semantics-syntax or the D-structure/S-structure
mapping. Hale&Keyser’s work raises interesting questions, and is probably
most influential in MIT’s circles. It can be discussed in the context of
Baker’s and Levin&Rappaport’s work. Some of H&K’s ideas are criticized
in recent work by Kiparsky. For resultatives, the work by Wechsler
as well as that by Verspoor should not be overlooked work. And the work
of Ritter & Rosen brings out the fact that verbs which in some sense
have an underspecified semantic representation are compatible with a larger
variety of syntactic structures than verbs whose meaning is more restrictive,
and that some syntactic subjects and objects are not licensed by the semantics
of the main verbal predicate but by other apsects of the clause in which
they occur.
Types of topics addressed
1.What is a semantic representation
like?
2. Theta-role and event-roles
3. Intransitives and transitive
verbs: unergatives, unaccusatives, causatives, resultatives.
4. Second internal argument and
small clauses
5. External arguments
6. Possible verbs
7. Denominal verbs
This bibliography focuses on English, but there are a larger number of articles dealing with other languages.
References
in highlighted red are for discussion in class.
References
in blue are acquisition papers.
1. 1 Saeed, John I.
1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.
1.2 Spencer, Andrew. 1991. Morphological Theory. BLACKWELL
1.4 Van Hout, Angeliek. 1996. Event Semantics of Verb Frame Alternations. A case study of Dutch and its acquisition. Tilburg: TILDIL Dissertation series.
1.6 Very
useful encyclopediae and an on-line lexicon
Asher, R.E. and J.M.Y. Simpson, eds. (1993) The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 10 volumes. Pergamon
Press.Bright, William, ed. (1992) International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Oxford U. Press.
Lexicon of Linguistics. Editors: Jan Don, Johan Kerstens, Eddy Ruys, Joost Zwarts, OTS, Utrecht University
General
Levin, Beth. 1993. Introduction:
The Theoretical Perspective, in Beth Levin, English Verb Classes and
Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, IL, 1-19.
Levin, Beth & Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1996. From Lexical Semantics to Argument Realization. In Handbook of Morphosyntax and Argument Structure (working title), ed. H. Borer, Dordrecht: Kluwer. 70 pages (downloadable, with other papers, from: http://www.ling.nwu.edu/~beth/pubs.html)
Levin, Beth & Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1996. Lexical Semantics and Syntactic Structure. In The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, ed. S. Lappin. 487-507. Oxford: Blackwells Publishers.
Levin, Beth & Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1998. Building Verb Meanings. In The Projection of Arguments. Lexical and Compositional Factors, ed. Miriam Butt & Wilhelm Geuder. 97-134. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Levin, Beth & Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1998. Morphology and Lexical Semantics. In The Handbook of Morphology, ed. Andrew Spencer & Arnold M. Zwicky. 248-271. Oxford: Blackwells Publishers.
Tsujimura, Natsuko. 1999. Lexical Semantics. In The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics, ed. Natsuko Tsujimura. 349-377. Oxford: Blackwells Publishers.
Events
Arad, Maya.1998.
Are unaccusatives aspectually characterized?
(And other related questions), Papers from the UPenn/MIT Roundtable
on Argument Structure and Aspect, ed. Heidi Harley. MIT Working
Papers in Linguistics, vol. 32:1-20
Croft, William. 1998. Event Structure in Argument Linking. In The Composition of Arguments. Lexical and Compositional Factors, ed. Miriam Butt & Wilhelm Geuder. 21-63. Stanford, California: CSLI Publications.
Pustejovsky, James. 1991. The syntax of Event Structure.Cognition 41: 47-81. Also in B. Levin & S. Pinker, eds. Reprint. Lexical and Conceptual semantics. Oxford: Blackwell. 1992: 47-81.
Tenny, Carol. 1992. The Aspectual Interface Hypothesis. In Ivan Sag & Anna Szabolcsi, eds. Lexical Matters, 1-27. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Theta-roles
Baker, Mark. 1997. Thematic role
and syntactic structure. In Liliane Haegeman, ed., 1997, Elements of Grammar.
Handbook of generative grammar, 73-137. Dordrecht, Foris.
Dowty, David. 1991. Thematic Proto-roles and Argument Selection. Language 67: 547-619.
Denominal verbs
and locative alternation
Hale, Ken
& Jay Keyser. 1992. The syntactic character of thematic structure.
In I.A. Roca, ed., Thematic structure: its role in grammar, p. 107-143.
Berlin, Foris.
Kageyama, Taro. 1997. Denominal Verbs and Relative Salience in Lexical Conceptual Structure. In Verb Semantics and Syntactic Structure, ed. Taro Kageyama. 45-96. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.
Kiparsky, Paul. 1997. Remarks on Denominal Verbs. In Alex Alsina, Joan Bresnan & Peter Sells (eds.) Complex Predicates, 473-499. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Labelle, Marie. 1992. La structure argumentale des verbes locatifs à base nominale", Lingvisticae Investigationes, vol. 16:2, 267-315.
Labelle, Marie. 1995. The semantic representation of denominal verbs" In P. Coopmans, M. Everaert, J. Grimshaw (eds) Lexical specification and insertion. (This paper has been presented in Dec. 1991 at a workshop on "Lexical representation and lexical insertion.", Utrecht.University. It should eventually appear in print. Downloadable from Labelle’s web site - A version in French has appeared in Lingvisticae Investigationes 1992, 16:2, 267-315)
Maruta, Tadao. 1997. The Syntax and Semantics of Spray/Load Verbs. In Verb Semantics and Syntactic Structure, ed. Taro Kageyama. 97-114. Tokyo: Kurosio Publishers.
Causatives and unaccusatives
Levin, Beth
& Malka Rappaport Hovav. 1995. Unaccusativity: At the Syntax-Semantics
Interface. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Chapter
3 and related notes, 79-133, 293-297.
Pustejovsky, James & Federica Busa. 1994. Unaccusativity and Event composition. In Pier-Marco Bertinetto, ed. Approaches to Tense and Aspect, Elsevier, Amsterdam. (web version, 22 p.).
Wunderlich, Dieter. 1997. Cause and the Structure of Verbs. Linguistic Inquiry 28.1: 27-68
Resultatives
Tortora, Christina. 1998. Verbs
of Inherently Directed Motion Are Compatible with Resultative Phrases,
Linguistic Inquiry: 29.2: 338-345.
Verspoor, Cornelia. 1997. Contextually-Dependent Lexical Semantics. Chapter 4: Manner of Motion Verbs and Resultatives, 104-165. Ph. D. Dissertation, The University of Edinburgh. (a nearly similar version exists as: Manner of Motion Verbs and Resultative Constructions, Ms. 1-54).
Wechsler, Steve. 1996. Explaining resultatives without unaccusativity. Ms. University of Texas at Austin. 17 pages.
Beyond lexical properties:
reducing the lexical burden
Ritter, Betsy
& Sara Thomas Rosen. 1996. Strong and Weak Predicates: Reducing the
lexical burden. Linguistic Analysis 26:29-62.
Ritter, Elizabeth and Sara Thomas Rosen. 1998. Delimiting Events in Syntax. in M. Butt and W. Geuder, eds., The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors. CSLI Publications, Stanford, Calif. 135-164.
Ritter, Elizabeth & Sara T. Rosen. 2000. Event structure and ergativity. In Events as Grammatical Objects, edited by J. Pustejovsky & C. Tenny. Stanford: CSLI.
Ritter, Elizabeth & Sara T. Rosen (To appear). The event value of objects splits. Language Sciences
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Rosen, Sarah. 1999. The syntactic
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Ackerman, Farrell. 1992. Complex Predicates and Morpholexical Relatedness: Locative Alternations in Hungarian. In Lexical Matters, ed. Ivan Sag & Anna Szabolcsi. 55-83. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Andrews, Avery. 1988. Lexical structure. In Fritz Newmeyer, ed. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. Volume I:60-88.
Arad, Maya.1998. Are unaccusatives aspectually characterized? (And other related questions), in Heidi Harley (ed.), Papers from the UPenn/MIT Roundtable on Argument Structure and Aspect. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 32:1-20.
Arad, Maya. 1998. VP-Structure and the Syntax-Lexicon Interface. Ph.D. dissertation. University College London. Published as MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics 16.
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